肥沙混施对盐碱地冬小麦耗水特性与生长的影响

为解析春限一水条件下盐碱地改良措施对小麦耗水和产量调控作用,于2015—2018年连续3个冬小麦生长季,设置耕层掺黄河泥沙(SS)、配施生物有机肥(FF)和掺黄河泥沙配施生物有机肥(SF) 3个处理,以不作处理为对照(CK),研究不同处理下农田土壤水分变化和冬小麦干物质积累规律。结果表明:连续3年产量水平为3 317. 77～5 449. 52 kg/hm~2,各处理间以SF处理的籽粒产量最高,该处理与CK相比,籽粒产量提高35%～51%;总耗水量变幅为352. 85～394. 89 mm,不同处理间总耗水量均以CK最低,以SF处理最高(361. 81～394. 89 mm);农田水分利用效率变幅为9. 01～13. 96 kg/(hm~2·mm),以SF处理最高(12. 02～13. 96 kg/(hm~2·mm)),比CK高33%～48%,其次为FF处理和SS处理,分别比CK高9%～32%、9%～18%。SS或FF处理可增加冬小麦拔节前0～200 cm土层贮水量,增大拔节至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例,促进冬小麦对土壤贮水和深层土壤水分的利用,最终提高冬小麦的生物量和籽粒产量。冬小麦籽粒产量与干物质积累量、总穗粒数呈显著正相关;水分利用效率与冬小麦耗水量、产量呈二次曲线关系。在本研究条件下,随着籽粒产量提高,水分利用效率快速增加;而随耗水量增加,各处理间水分利用效率增减表现不同。综合考虑产量、收获指数和水分利用效率,确定掺黄河泥沙配施生物有机肥处理(SF)是本研究条件下的最佳处理。     

我国谷物干燥机械的发展现状及对策

谷物干燥是粮食生产的重要步骤。我国是粮食生产和消费大国,因地制宜,大力发展谷物干燥机械,对于解决粮食生产过程中的损失和提高谷物品质有着极其重要的意义。为此,针对我国谷物干燥机械发展过程中存在的问题,提出了对策及建议,为我国谷物干燥机械的发展研究提供了参考依据。     

Quality and maximum profit of industrial tomato as affected by distribution uniformity of drip irrigation system

The tomato industry reformed its system of payment by weight of tomato, introducing a corrective system based on percent level of fruit dry matter produced. Such a decision implies significant changes in the management of irrigation systems, with a need to emphasize the technological quality of the marketable product. Three levels of distribution uniformity of the irrigation system are analysed, and related production functions of crop yield and percent of dry matter are presented as well as their use on the optimisation of dry matter, expected revenues and seasonal applied water. Results are critically influenced by the distribution uniformity. They demonstrate the inter-relationship between crop production, percent fruit dry matter and irrigation management, and the importance of considering non-uniformity in the economic analysis of industrial tomato production. Decreases in uniformity lead to a reduction in dry matter production per unit land. Decreases in dry matter are also observed with increasing levels of seasonally applied water, with the optimal level always lower than the required for maximum yield. Such interaction suggests a continuous and inverse relationship between profit and water applied. However, due to the corrective system of payment, by levels of percent of dry matter produced, for some uniformity, the expected revenue follows the yield-water production function instead of the dry matter function. This fact introduces disturbances in the optimal water applied inducing higher than expected levels of water applied for profit maximisation. The simulated data also show that incentives to switch to new systems or management practices able to raise the distribution uniformity result more from profit losses than increases in water price.     

基于不同有效积温的玉米干物质累积量模拟

为获得研究区适宜的玉米干物质累积量(DM)估算模型,通过2017—2019年在吉林省长春地区开展的3年农田试验,观测玉米生育期内作物根区20 cm地温、40 cm地温、农田气温、作物冠层温度以及玉米地上部干物质累积量等数据,建立基于不同有效积温的Logistic模型及其归一化模型,并用实测数据进行模型验证。结果表明,基于有效积温建立的Logistic模型可以模拟单株玉米干物质累积量生长,但不同地点、不同年份所建立的模型参数差异较大; Logistic归一化模型能够很好地模拟区域玉米干物质增长,在利用实测数据进行模型验证中,基于作物根区20 cm地温、40 cm地温、农田气温和作物冠层温度4种类型有效积温的Logistic归一化模型,其均方根误差、相对误差、决定系数和模型一致性系数都能达到较优值;以2019年数据建立的Logistic归一化模型对玉米干物质累积量模拟效果最优;基于有效冠层积温的Logistic归一化模型模拟效果较优。本研究结果可为灌区精量灌溉决策和管理提供技术支撑。     

施用沼肥对保护地蔬菜栽培土壤理化性质的影响

本文以等有机质含量的猪粪、沼渣为基肥，追肥（化肥与沼液）以等N、等P、等K进行施用，采用二裂式区组设计的方法，研究了沼肥、猪粪、化肥等不同施肥组合对保护地土壤pH值及土壤速效养分含量的影响。结果表明：番茄收获期，各处理土壤pH有下降的趋势，但没有酸化现象发生；施用沼渣在防止土壤pH值下降方面有较好的作用；施用沼渣、沼液在提高土壤有机质含量方面的效果分别优于施用猪粪、化肥，沼渣与沼液配合施用在提高土壤有机质及碱解N含量方面效果显著，猪粪与化肥配合施用有利于提高土壤速效P和速效K的含量。     

干旱缺水灌区节水灌溉评价标准及其分析

在分析节水灌溉定义内涵的基础上，提出了评价干旱缺水灌区农田节水灌溉的目标标准和技术标准，并对这些评价标准的运用进行了讨论。     

水稻旱作覆膜节水增产试验研究

通过水稻旱作全程覆膜与半程覆膜、旱作不覆膜及水栽对比试验，研究其耗水规律，计算其节水量与增产量，并进行经济效益分析，提出了适合本地区的栽培模式。     

临河水源管井贴砾管设计参数确定

针对临河粉细砂地区水文地质实际,通过室内渗流试验及渗透试验,确定了供水管井所采用的贴砾管的最佳厚度和对应的填砾粒径,证明了贴砾管加装填砾后,出水效果(以出水量、渗透系数、出水含砂量为评价指标)均优于贴砾管,消除了设计中认为贴砾管出水效果与加装填砾无关的误解。并在几年实际应用中得到了证明。     

温度对不同育成地水稻品种的生长及其物质生产的影响

以原产温带的日本晴三粳稻品种和原产热带的IR8两籼稻品种为材料,观察了16—30℃恒温对其生长和物质生产的影响。结果:在试验温度范围内,各个品种的植株均随温度升高而增高;但两类品种的株高感温指数有差异,IR8两品种的较低,日本晴三品种的较高。IR8两品种在30℃下分蘖数最大,日本晴三品种则是在25℃下,较有利于它们的分蘖。IR8两品种的CGR和NAR,以30℃下最大,日本晴三品种则以25℃下的最大,干物质生产量亦呈此趋势。所有供试品种都是在25℃下出叶最少,出叶间隔天数则以在20℃下为最快。     

Soil organic‐C accumulation and N availability under improved pastures established in Mediterranean oak woodlands

Long‐term effects of improved pasture establishment (with high proportion of legumes) on soil organic‐C status and N availability in Mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands were assessed. Soils were sampled beneath scattered crowns and in open areas, considering two systems: unmanaged and managed woodlands where improved pastures were installed 26 and 32 years ago. Total and labile C and N pools were measured and C and N mineralization were determined over 24 weeks laboratory incubation. Soils under improved pastures showed higher organic‐C, total‐N and net N mineralization than those under unmanaged pasture, mainly when established beneath trees. Potentially mineralizable C, C mineralization rate and microbial C were not statistically different between the unmanaged and improved pasture sites, but were higher closer to the tree than in the open area (1.8, 1.2 and 1.2 times, respectively). The qCO₂ was higher in improved pastures (1.7 times). Labile pool of C and N extracted with hot water increased under improved pasture (3.4 and 1.7 times, respectively). Results indicate that soil quality amelioration by improved pastures is stronger in the presence of oak trees. Management systems that favour oak tree maintenance and regeneration should be taken into account to reverse soil degradation.